Alma Mater Francisco - Josephina

 

• Honorary doctors, doctors and graduates of the Greek Orthodox Faculty of Theology [121-124]
• Honorary doctors, doctors and graduates of the Faculty of Law and Political Science [124-131]
• Honorary doctors, doctors and graduates of the Faculty of Philosophy [131-133]

Courtesy: Internet Archive

The Fate of the Jews from Bukovina and Transnistria, 1940–44

• Faina Vynokurova: The Fate of Bukovinian Jews in the Ghettos and Camps of Transnistria, 1941-1944 - A Review of the Source Documents at the Vinnytsa Oblast State Archive
• Florence Heymann: Aspects of Jewish Life in Bukovina before the Holocaust
• Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer: "The Russian Year"
• Petro Rykhlo: History and Personal Fate in the German-Speaking Lyrics of Bukovina
• Vladimir Solonari: The Treatment of the Jews of Bukovina by the Soviet and Romanian Administrations in 1940-1944
• Oleg Surovtsev: Creation and Functioning of Chernivtsi Ghetto in October-November 1941
• Alexandru Florian: The Fate of the Jews from Northern Bukovina under the Antonescu Regime - Evidence of the Evolution of Antisemitic Policies in the Stenographs of Cabinet Council Meetings
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• INFORMATION ABOUT CONTRIBUTORS

Courtesy: Ukrainian Center for Holocaust Studies

Die Landschaft Bukowina • The Bukovina Region

Summary (University of Wisconsin-Madison): "Bucovina was an integral part of Habsburg Empire since 1775. Starting from a pure political construction on the European map of power at the end of 18th century this small area developed into a well integrated Austrian crown land. A crown land, which succeeded to form a certain regional identity - conform to the Habsburg state ideology. Till the outbreak of First World War national rivalries played a certain role for regional politics in the county but were moderate in general. Especially this situation was grounded in a direct liaison of this small province situated on the Eastern slopes of Carpathians with Vienna as imperial centre. A development which aimed towards steadily improving inner consolidation and balance in comparison with the other crown lands of the Empire. Only the outcome of the First World War, as Bucovina became part of the Romanian kingdom, loosing its geo strategic position as a bridge between East and West, showed in its consequences the former importance of this organic exchange with Vienna, shaping the provinces society and cultural landscape. The genesis of Bucovina region at the periphery of a European Empire from the end of 18th up to the beginning of 20th century as well as the structural persistence of the cultural landscape's characteristics is centrally focussed in this study. The analyses of spatial processes as well as their genesis, shaped by a changing geopolitical situation, were of main interest for the research. Since the midst of 19th century a serious and existential national tension within the Bucovina was growing which could only partially be influenced by the province politics itself. A tension in between a search for a distinguished political position, the new idea of nation state and a overall-covering ideology of Commonness, a tension between growing regional identity, of beeing Bucovina and increasing national claims. The study tries to draw a knew, integral and less known picture of this variously shaped cultural landscape - apart from common nationalistic and segmented analyses."

Courtesy: Böhlau OpenAccess

PROCESUL MARII TRĂDĂRI NAȚIONALE • The Great National Betrayal Trial

Michael Shafir: "In the main trial - the sixteenth in the series staged by the People’s Tribunal in Bucharest - thirteen of the twenty-four defendants received death sentences, but six of the sentences (including those of Iron Guard commander Horia Sima and Iron Guard Ministers Mihai Sturdza, Ioan Protopopescu, Corneliu Georgescu, Constantin Papanace and Victor Iasinschi) were pronounced in absentia and never carried out. Marshal Antonescu and his foreign minister, Mihai Antonescu, General Inspector of the Gendarmerie Constantin Z. (Piki) Vasiliu and Transnistria Governor Gheorghe Alexianu were executed on June 1 1946.
Crimes committed against Jews occupied a relatively small place in both the indictment act (some 12 out of 125 pages) and the debates at the trial. While admitting that between 150,000 and 170,000 Jews had been deported to Transnistria, Marshal Antonescu claimed in a memorandum refuting the indictment that this act had been intended to save allegedly pro-Communist Jews from the population’s wrath and thath the Iron Guardists were preparing 'a St. Bartholomew' against them in cooperation with the Germans. Unfortunately, he claimed, implementation of the deportation order had been 'destabilized' by the 'then dominant spirit.' By 'destabilization' Antonescu was referring euphemistically to the mass executions, death marches and starvation inflicted by the Romanian police and army while carrying out his orders. The harsh early winter conditions, 'which also claimed many victims among the belligerent armies,' he maintained, had added to the number of casualties among the deported, but 'this was also the reason why the Germans lost the Moscow battle.' The blame for the Jewish casualties, he said, lay with those who were executing orders. He had personally ordered an inquiry 'and the result was known. A general staff colonel and a captain was [sic] demoted and sent to the front line as a private soldier, where he met a heroic death.' Antonescu thus placed responsibility for the crimes on the Germans, as well as on fanatical or terrorist elements in the Iron Guard; but he also blamed his subordinates, as indeed he would attempt to do when the Odessa massacres were discussed during the trial. In the memorandum he wrote that as chief of state he assumed 'responsibility for everything that went wrong' under his governance 'except for abuses and crimes.' He could not 'endorse crimes' and 'I respectfully bow before the victim’s shadows and am begging the pardon of those who had to suffer because of them [sic].' Antonescu further claimed in the memorandum that 'the number of dead from among the population deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina to Transnistria and from the country [i.e., Romania proper], as well as their treatment, is exaggerated … The region ws healthy, picturesque, and very rich. Many of them did not wish to return.'
If Antonescu (and the others accused with him) sought to minimize the dimensions of their crimes, the prosecution itself strove to deflect the focus from Jews to crimes committed against the Romanian nation as a whole. The indictment thus spoke of 'hundreds and thousands of anti-fascists' and of 'political suspects' interned in prisons and suffering 'torture and terrible terror'. This was a clear attempt to exculpate collaborationism. Ostensibly, in countries that had been occupied or in those that collaborated with the Germans both in the West and in the East, the indictments were individual; in practice, the frame of reference in both was politically inspired or condoned collective self-defense. The Romanian indictment act reflected this quite clearly by emphasizing (against all recent memory and evicende) that 'in fact, the country had been under German occupation' and that 'Romanian public opinion received with indignation the German armies' which had entered the country under the September 15, 1940 agreement signed by Berlin and Bucharest. However, no evidence of this alleged indignation was produced. Under a decree passed in early 1950, those convicted of war crimes who had 'demonstrated good behavior, performed their tasks conscientiously, and proved that they had become fit for social cohabitation during their imprisonment' were made eligible for immediate release, irrespective of the severity of the sentence passed. Among those 'socially rehabilitated' were several condemned to life imprisonment for crimes against the Jews. Many of those liberated joined the Communist Party (PCR). Others, however, would have to await amnesties granted between 1962 and 1964, when the regime’s National Communist policies were being implemented and the PCR needed the support of nationalist-minded political prisoners, and in particular the intellectuals among them."

Courtesy: istoriaromaneasca.wordpress.com

MOARTE CRIMINALILOR DE RĂZBOI • Death to the War Criminals

Death to the War Criminals [10.05.1945, p. 3]
In Front of People's Jurisdiction [13.05.1945, p. 1]
The Bill of Indictment Against the First Lot of War Criminals [13.05.1945, p. 5]
The Bill of Indictment [14.05.1945, p. 1]
The Bill of Indictment Against the First Lot of War Criminals [14.05.1945, p. 3]
The Trial Begins [15.05.1945, p. 1]
The Bill of Indictment Against the First Lot of War Criminals [15.05.1945, p. 2, 3]
The People's Tribunal Will Impose Law [15.05.1945, p. 3]
The First Trial Against the War Criminals was Initiated by the People’s Tribunal [16.05.1945, p. 1]
The Nation Does Not Pardon! [16.05.1945, p. 5]
The War Criminals in Front of People’s Jurisdiction [17.05.1945, p. 1, 5]
Revenge for Innocent Blood! [18.05.1945, p. 1]
The Criminals in Front of People’s Judges [18.05.1945, p. 1]
The Debates During the Trial Against the War Criminals [18.05.1945, p. 2]
A Sadistic War Criminal Investigated by the Public Prosecutors [18.05.1945, p. 3]
The Parade of the War Criminals in Front of the People’s Tribunal [18.05.1945, p. 5]
The Enlightening of Humanity [19.05.1945, p. 1]
The Atrocities of the Murderers in the Cage Dis    closed by Eyewitnesses in Front of the People’s Tribunal [19.05.1945, p. 1]
The People Demand Justice [19.05.1945, p. 1]
The Disclosure of the War Atrocities in Front of the People’s Tribunal [19.05.1945, p. 2]
The Workers of the Capital Demand Deserved Sentences to the War Criminals [19.05.1945, p. 3]
The Port of Galati Dock Workers Demand Harsh Sentences to the War Criminals [19.05.1945, p. 3]
The Citizens of Brăila Demand Harsh Sentences to the War Criminals [19.05.1945, p. 3]
The Citizens of Constanța Demand the Death Penalty for the War Criminals [19.05.1945, p. 3]
The Debates During the Trial Against the War Criminals [19.05.1945, p. 5]
The Atrocities and Murders Visualized by the Eyewitnesses [20.05.1945, p. 1]
The Citizens of the Capital Demand the Death Penalty for the War Criminals [20.05.1945, p. 1]
The Dislosure of the Atrocities in Front of the People’s Tribunal [20.05.1945, p. 2]
A New Listing of War Criminals [20.05.1945, p. 4]
The Citizens of the Capital Demand the Death Penalty for the War Criminals [20.05.1945, p. 4]
The Debates During the Trial Against the War Criminals [20.05.1945, p. 4]
The Summation of the People [21.05.1945, p. 1]
Since Nine Months the Nation is Waiting for this Day of Justice [21.05.1945, p. 1]
The Overwhelming Summation by the Chief Prosecutor A. Bunaciu [21.05.1945, p. 2]
The Whole Nation Demands a Harsh Conviction for the War Criminals [21.05.1945, p. 3]
The War Criminals Pursued by the People’s Tribunal [21.05.1945, p. 3]
The Debates During the Trial Against the War Criminals [21.05.1945, p. 4]
The Summation in the Trial Against the War Criminals [21.05.1945, p. 5]
Death to the War Criminals [21.05.1945, p. 5]
People’s Conviction [24.05.1945, p. 1]
The Sentence in the First Trial Against the War Criminals [24.05.1945, p. 1, 2]
Soldiers and Commanders Notice with Satisfaction the Just Sentence to the War Criminals [26.05.1945, p. 1]
The War Criminals and the Military Uniform [26.05.1945, p. 3]
The Appeal Trial Against the War Criminals [30.05.1945, p. 1]
The Grounds of Appeal Raised by the First Lot of War Criminals Were Rejected by the High Court of Cassation [31.05.1945, p. 1]
The High Court of Cassation has Rejected the Appeals of the War Criminals [02.06.1945, p. 1]
The Maximum Sentence to the Main Culprits [03.06.1945, p. 1]

Michael Shafir: "Based on the Nuremberg model, People's Tribunals were set up in Romania by a decree issued by King Michael I on April 21, 1945. [...] There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and the other in Cluj. The Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people, the rest were dealt with by the Cluj one, set up on June 22, 1945, which in general pronounced harsher sentences (thirty people condemned to death and fifty-two to hard labor for life). [...] The first trial held by the Bucharest People's Tribunal ended on May 22, 1945. General Nicolae Macici and Constantin Trestorianu as well as Corneliu Calotescu and others, were found guilty of the massacres perpetrated in occupied Odessa and in nearby Dalnic on October 21-22, 1941 and sentenced to death; other members of the Romanian forces received varying prison sentences. On July 1, 1945, King Michael commuted Macici's sentence to life imprisonment; Macici would eventually die in Aiud prison in 1950. [General Corneliu Calotescu, formerly plenipotentiary Governor of Bukovina, was among this group of 29 officers sentenced to death for war crimes on 22 May 1945. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment but he was released in an amnesty in 1955.] Altogether, fourty-eight death sentences were pronounced by 'Old Kingdom' and southern Transylvania-based People's Tribunal, but only four were actually carried out, the others being either commuted to hard labor for life or decreed in absentia. None of the sentences handed down in northern Transylvania were implemented, and the leading people charged there had anyway left the region together with the Hungarian authorities. Although the People's Tribunals were liquidated in 1946, trials associated with 'crimes against peace' and other war-related charges would continue in the following years on the basis of law No. 291 of 1947, which stipulated sentences of between fifteen years and life imprisonment for such offences."

[Michael  Shafir “Romania’s Tortuous Road to Facing Collaboration”, in Roni Stauber (ed.), Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse After the Holocaust, London and New York, Routledge, 2011, pp. 245 -278.6]


Courtesy: Biblioteca Digitală a Bucureștilor

Du sollst nicht vergessen! • Never Forget!

 

 

 

• Motto • Epigraph [1]
• Du sollst nicht vergessen! • Never Forget! [2]
• In einem Kolchoz, 1942 • In a Kolkhoz, 1942 [5]
• Der Tod hält Ernte, Kolchoz, Dezember 1941 • Reaping a Bloody Harvest, Kolkhoz, December 1941 [6]
• Steinbruch, Juli 1942 • Stone Quarry, July 1942 [10]
• Wer ist Itzkowitz? • Who is Itzkowitz? [12]
• Die Approvisionierung, Cariera bei Ladejin (Ukraina), Juli 1942 • The Provisions, Stone Quarry near Ladyzhyn (Ukraine), July 1942 [16]
• Cariera de Piatra, August 1942 • Stone Quarry, August 1942 [18]
• Auf dem Plateau, Herbst 1942 • On the Plateau, Fall 1942 [24]
• Eine Episode, Steinbruch 1942 • An Episode, Stone Quarry 1942 [27]
• Czetvertinovka • Chetvertynivka [31]
• Berschad, März-April 1942 • Bershad, March/April 1942 [33]
• Eine Feiertagsepisode, Berschad 1943 • A Holiday Episode, Bershad 1943 [35]
• Eine Begegnung, Berschad, November 1943 • An Encounter Bershad, November 1943 [37]
• Eine Episode aus Berschad, Januar 1944 • An Episode from Bershad, January 1944 [39]
• Berschad, Februar 1944 • Bershad, February 1944 [42]
• Wer ist ein Partizan? Berschad, Februar 1944 • Who is a Partisan? Bershad, February 1944 [44]
• In der "Heimat", Mai 1944 • Back "Home", May 1944 [46]
• Eidesstattliche Erklärung, Tel Aviv, November 1960 • Affidavit, Tel Aviv, November 1960

Dr. Hermann Sternberg on the occasion of his graduation "promotio sub auspiciis imperatoris", i. e. "under the auspices of the Austrian Emperor", wearing the diamond ring with the initials of the Emperor, Czernowitz 1912

Read more from Dr. Hermann Sternberg at the "History of the Jews in the Bukovina" by Hugo Gold, published in Tel Aviv 1958/1962, translated by Jerome Silverbush:

• The Public Instruction System of the Jews in Bukovina
• History of the J.N.A. "Emunah" in Czernowitz 
• On the History of the Jews in Czernowitz 
• The Tragedy of the Bukowinian Jews 
• The Stone Quarry - Der Steinbruch (Cariera de piatra) 1942-1943 
• Dorna-Watra 
• Jewish Middle School

 Courtesy: Yoram Almadon [Grandson of Dr. Hermann Sternberg]

Memoria Cimitirelor Evreiești • Remembering the Jewish Cemeteries

• A Reason to Remember the Jewish Cemeteries [7]
• The Jewish Cemeteries - A Look Upon Reality - Photos [18]
• The Jewish Communities in Romania - Listing [31]
• The Jewish Cemeteries in Romania - Listing [38]
• Every Person Has a Name - Photos [49]
• Remember! - The Respect and Duty for Those Who Passed Away [52]
• Tomb Stones - Explanations of the Inscriptions [60]
• Tomb Stones - Photos [72]
• Prayers - Kadish tatom, El male rahamim, Izkor [79]
• Glossary - Romanian [84]
• Responsability and Duty - Thinking the Future [94]
• FEDROM Appeal [102]

Courtesy: FEDROM Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania