Du sollst nicht vergessen! • Never Forget!

 

 

 

• Motto • Epigraph [1]
• Du sollst nicht vergessen! • Never Forget! [2]
• In einem Kolchoz, 1942 • In a Kolkhoz, 1942 [5]
• Der Tod hält Ernte, Kolchoz, Dezember 1941 • Reaping a Bloody Harvest, Kolkhoz, December 1941 [6]
• Steinbruch, Juli 1942 • Stone Quarry, July 1942 [10]
• Wer ist Itzkowitz? • Who is Itzkowitz? [12]
• Die Approvisionierung, Cariera bei Ladejin (Ukraina), Juli 1942 • The Provisions, Stone Quarry near Ladyzhyn (Ukraine), July 1942 [16]
• Cariera de Piatra, August 1942 • Stone Quarry, August 1942 [18]
• Auf dem Plateau, Herbst 1942 • On the Plateau, Fall 1942 [24]
• Eine Episode, Steinbruch 1942 • An Episode, Stone Quarry 1942 [27]
• Czetvertinovka • Chetvertynivka [31]
• Berschad, März-April 1942 • Bershad, March/April 1942 [33]
• Eine Feiertagsepisode, Berschad 1943 • A Holiday Episode, Bershad 1943 [35]
• Eine Begegnung, Berschad, November 1943 • An Encounter Bershad, November 1943 [37]
• Eine Episode aus Berschad, Januar 1944 • An Episode from Bershad, January 1944 [39]
• Berschad, Februar 1944 • Bershad, February 1944 [42]
• Wer ist ein Partizan? Berschad, Februar 1944 • Who is a Partisan? Bershad, February 1944 [44]
• In der "Heimat", Mai 1944 • Back "Home", May 1944 [46]
• Eidesstattliche Erklärung, Tel Aviv, November 1960 • Affidavit, Tel Aviv, November 1960

Dr. Hermann Sternberg on the occasion of his graduation "promotio sub auspiciis imperatoris", i. e. "under the auspices of the Austrian Emperor", wearing the diamond ring with the initials of the Emperor, Czernowitz 1912

Read more from Dr. Hermann Sternberg at the "History of the Jews in the Bukovina" by Hugo Gold, published in Tel Aviv 1958/1962, translated by Jerome Silverbush:

• The Public Instruction System of the Jews in Bukovina
• History of the J.N.A. "Emunah" in Czernowitz 
• On the History of the Jews in Czernowitz 
• The Tragedy of the Bukowinian Jews 
• The Stone Quarry - Der Steinbruch (Cariera de piatra) 1942-1943 
• Dorna-Watra 
• Jewish Middle School

 Courtesy: Yoram Almadon [Grandson of Dr. Hermann Sternberg]

Memoria Cimitirelor Evreiești • Remembering the Jewish Cemeteries

• A Reason to Remember the Jewish Cemeteries [7]
• The Jewish Cemeteries - A Look Upon Reality - Photos [18]
• The Jewish Communities in Romania - Listing [31]
• The Jewish Cemeteries in Romania - Listing [38]
• Every Person Has a Name - Photos [49]
• Remember! - The Respect and Duty for Those Who Passed Away [52]
• Tomb Stones - Explanations of the Inscriptions [60]
• Tomb Stones - Photos [72]
• Prayers - Kadish tatom, El male rahamim, Izkor [79]
• Glossary - Romanian [84]
• Responsability and Duty - Thinking the Future [94]
• FEDROM Appeal [102]

Courtesy: FEDROM Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania

Der Wucher in der Bukowina • Usury in Bukovina

 

Excerpt from the tractates "A Jew to Jews" and "Why Only Yiddish?" by Chaim Zhitlowsky: "One would not find a relatively accurate description of the material life of Bukovinian and Galician Jews in the pages of local Jewish newspapers. These papers are occupied with supposedly higher callings, such as describing rabbinic jubilees, praising the charitable work of ladies’ committees, polemicizing against antisemitism, and debating the question of which language should be used for conducting Sabbath services. Jewish poverty simply does not exist for these representatives of the satisfied bourgeoisie. The issue therefore seems all the more pronounced when it appears in any serious economic studies of eastern Austria. To give just a few examples of the scale of Jewish poverty - examples that at times surpass even the usual things we are accustomed to hearing about the blessed Jewish Pale, we offer a short passage from the work of Professor Platter, 'Sociale Studien in der Bukovina.' He discusses the Jewish population in Czernowitz, the largest city in the Bukovina region. We have selected this particular region and city because Bukovina has for ages been known as the 'Jewish Eldorado', while Czernowitz, with 50 percent of its population comprised of Jews, 'can rightfully be called of Jewish city.'

Professor Platter notes that the vast majority of Jews in Czernowitz are extremely poor, and that most parts of the city are filled with 'wretched, dirty, stinking hovels.' He then provides us with a description of street scenes that he himself witnessed:

The ideal filthy, ragged man, whose image can be conjured by the average Western European only in his wildest fantasies, really exists here and is visible at every step. You see pants made from twenty or thirty different scraps of material but that still consist mainly of holes; you see frock coats that lack the entire back side and whose owners, unfortunately, are wearing neither waistcoats nor undershirts. I saw completely naked little girls between four and six years of age playing with half-naked boys in the dust of the capital’s streets. But the main fashion one sees are large hordes of men in kaftans, and the sight of these garments alone can ruin even the heartiest appetite.

This is a picture of the streets, but it is not difficult to guess what kind of image of filth and poverty he would have drawn for us had he looked inside the 'wretched, dirty, stinking hovels.' Platter’s book was published fifteen years ago, in 1878, and perhaps the people of Czernowitz have become better dressed and more fashionable since then, out of concern that such 'jolly landscapes' not offened the sensibilities of enlightened Western Europeans. But we have every reason to doubt that they have managed to escape from Jewish poverty, given that we have factual and relatively articulate descriptions of the impoverished, destitute condition of the Jewish masses not just from Czernowitz but also from nearly every town in Galicia and Polish Prussia (such as Poznan).

Living next door to this poverty are the notorious Jewish trading and banking firms and wealthy Jewish landowners who have begun the process of displacing Polish magnates from their inherited estates. The 'Jewish landowner' is a new concept that the Jews have introduced into the sphere of finance and fortune after emancipation. The means by which a Jew can become a landowner will become apparent once we turn to examining the second question raised above concerning Jewich occupations and the sources of livelihood.

The existence of poverty among the Jewish masses provides sufficient evidence that emancipation opened up very few new opportunities for them. The fact is that the life of the masses has remained as it was before. The basic mode of economic existence for the overwhelming majority - the petit- and middle-trader, moneychanger, business agent, tavernkeeper, craftsman, mechanic, teacher, butcher, and spiritual proletarian - is that in the morning they have no idea how they will satisfy the hunger of their large families that night. How do the upper 10,000 employ themselves, then? They are traders en grand, as the so-called liberal professions refer to them … and … they lend money on interest! Galicia and Bukovin aare almost exclusively agrarian regions. Peasants supply the main source of labor power, and Polish landowners supply the main source of exploitation. Agrarian culture is characterized almost entirely by abject peasant poverty and by the frivolous carefree incompetence of the landowners. The rotten foundation of economic life on which Jews found one of the primary sources of their material existence, usury, was produced by the easy and loose lifestyle of the undisciplined magnates combined with the wretched drunkenness of the poor and ignorant peasantry."

Hersch Dovid Nomberg, Chaim Zhitlowsky, Sholem Asch, I. L. Peretz, Avrom Reyzen 
(Czernowitz Conference, 1908)

Courtesy: Internet Archive

Державний архів Чернівецької області • Chernivtsi Oblast Archives Inventory

 

• Index [3]
• Preface [5]
• Part I: Institutions during the Austrian Period (since 1867 Austro-Hungary) 1775-1918 [19]
• Part II: Institutions of the Khotyn County, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire (1812-1918) [88]
• Part III: Institutions of the Czernowitz Governorate during WW1 and the Russian Provisional Government [113]
• Part IV: Institutions during the Incorporation of Bukovina into Romania (1918-1940) [132]
• Part V: Institutions during WW2 [351]
• Part VI: Particular Archival Fonds and Document Collections [360]
• Appendices [365]
• Listing of the Fonds [366]
  

FamilySearch on Organization of Records in Ukrainian Archives: Most of the records of genealogical interest are organized into Central State Historical Archives for each province (oblast) of Ukraine. Additional records may still exist in smaller local archives. As in other archives of the former Soviet Union, all Ukrainian archive materials are assigned a record group (fond), inventory (opis), and item (delo).

A record group (fond) contains the records of a specific organization, portion of an organization, or individual. Archives also create collections as opposed to record groups, in which records of different organizations or individuals are filed together on some logical or thematic basis. Thus, in some archives, vital records of different religions can be filed together.

An inventory (opis) is a list of items in a record group or collection. While filing by record group reflects authorship, description by inventory reflects content, equivalent to a table of contents in a book. The inventory identifies title assigned to each item, the sequential number, and information on inclusive dates and number of pages. The inventory is the key to finding records in an archive. It usually is not available outside of the archive, although microfilmed records often include a microfilm copy of the inventory. There may be more than one inventory for a record group. These sometimes reflect different types of material or different accessions of records for the same institution. The decision as to what to include in an inventory will vary significantly from archive to archive. 

An item (delo) can be a single volume, file, or even a single sheet of paper. Each item is given a title based upon the record type and contents. Items are usually filed chronologically by the earliest year of information found in that item. Within a particular year, the items are supposed to be filed by degree of significance.

Courtesy: State Archives of Czernowitz Oblast

From the Deeps... • Folk Songs from Camps and Ghettos in Poland

Courtesy: Berti Glaubach

"A Sanguine Bunch" • Regional Identification in Habsburg Bukovina, 1774-1919

Abstract: In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the small and easternmost crownland of Bukovina was exceptional in many ways. It was a new addition to the Imperial territory and very much a Habsburg creation: never before had the area been a separate entity. Colonisation efforts added a large number of immigrants to the uneducated peasant population. During the final decades of the Empire’s existence, Bukovina was consciously deployed as a pars pro toto for a utopian Austria in which interethnic harmony and tolerance prevailed: both in- and outside the crownland, the commonplace of ‘Little Austria’ with its Viennese orientation and its vibrant cultural life gained ground. During and after the Habsburg era, numerous studies have appeared on the ethnical composition of Bukovina, the dominance of nationalist theory has led to separate analyses of Habsburg Bukovina’s ‘nationalities’. Ironically, the binding element, the ‘Bukovinianness’ of the crownland and its inhabitants is thus ignored. This particular study focuses on the different identification processes at work and on the question what ‘Bukovinianness’ really encompassed.

• Thesis
• Cover
• Title pages
• Maps
• Acknowledgments
• Research and writing accountability
• Preface
• Contents
• Part I - Introduction and theoretical framework, 1: Historical overview
• Part I - Introduction and theoretical framework, 2: Theoretical framework
• Part I - Introduction and theoretical framework, 3: Literature survey
• Part II - Bukovinians, 1
• Part II - Bukovinians, 2
• Part II - Bukovinians, 3
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 1: Introduction and structure
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 2: Key institutions of Habsburg Bukovina: Landtag and Franz Joseph University
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 3: The empire, the nation and the region: Competing identifications in Bukovina
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 4: The myth of Habsburg Bukovina and its terminological difficulties
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 5: ‘Bukovinian diseases’: Images, allegories and stereotypes
• Part III - Elements of regional identification, 6: Displaying Bukovinian identity: Parades, exhibitions and commemorations
• Summary
• Conclusion
• Summary in Dutch
• Appendix I: Chronology of Habsburg Bukovina with paragraph references
• Appendix II: Bukovinian toponyms
• Appendix III: Sources

Courtesy: University of Amsterdam - Digital Academic Repository

BUCOVINA SUB STĂPÂNIRE AUSTRIACĂ • Bukovina Under Austrian Rule

• Bukovina, Sweet Bukovina [6]
• Bukovina, From a Region Preponderantly Inhabited by Romanians to a Multiethnic Mosaic [29]
• Czernowitz: Little Vienna of the East [33]
• The Population of Bukovina During the Austrian Rule (1774-1918) [36]
• The Austrian Pearl of Bukovina at the Point of Collapse [45]
• Putna, 1871: The First Congress of Students From All Quarters [48]
• Fundul Moldovei, Ten Years After the Great Union Day [52]
• Iacobeni in Bukovina: Glorious Years During the Austrian Rule [60]
• The Strategical Dimension of Bukovina [63]

Courtesy: http://www.historia.ro/